Анализ статьи
Цель: научить учащихся анализировать представленную статью, выделять тему, проблемы и основную идею.
Задачи:
• тренировать учащихся в изучающем чтении
• научить оперировать терминами тема, проблема, идея
• предоставить структуру анализа статьи
• научить использованию основных фраз и выражений для анализа
Уровень: Intermediate / Upper Intermediate
Целевая аудитория: учащиеся, имеющие дело с докладами, статьями (написанием или интерпретацией); студенты лингвистических факультетов
Материал: для учителя (текст с описанием структуры анализа, вопросы к тексту), для студента (статья, таблица, лист с фразами).
Тут довольно подробно.
читать дальшеХод урока:
Выбор статьи
Лучше выбирать статью попроще, в силу того, что целью данного урока не является пополнение вокабуляра учащегося. Требуется, чтобы студент хорошо понимал статью, не «спотыкаясь» о незнакомые слова или фразы. Представленная здесь статья, в данном случае, не лучший пример, так как она узкоспециализированная (по необходимости).
Two goals behind the reduction in cigarette prices
A fierce war has broken out in the Greek tobacco market, with manufacturers and traders slashing prices for the first time in their history.
The first blood was drawn at the beginning of the year by the unrivaled champion of the market, Philip Morris, which reduced the price of its Marlboro brand by 12.5 percent to 3.50 euros per packet of 20 cigarettes. It was soon followed by its competitors (British American Tobacco, Japan Tobacco International etc), some of which went ahead with even bigger price cuts, such as JTI, which reduced the price of a pack of Camel from 4 euros to 3.20 euros.
This price war is unprecedented in the Greek tobacco market, with one professional saying that “if you exclude the introduction of cheap cigarettes in 2003 [of brands such as Leader], this is the first time that companies are reducing the prices on leading brands.”
The strategy is aimed at achieving a number of different goals, first and foremost of which is for companies to hold on to their existing market share, as sharp price hikes push consumers to cheaper solutions such as rolling tobacco, after which it is difficult to win them back. They also push smokers to substitutes such as electronic cigarettes, while the drop in incomes has compelled many to look for cheaper alternatives like illegally traded cigarettes.
According to the data, in the 2010-11 period, sales of packaged cigarettes declined by 21.7 percent, or 6.6 billion cigarettes, to reach 23.8 billion cigarettes by the end of 2011. In contrast, sales of untaxed cigarettes (illegal imports, duty-free and purchases from neighboring countries) tripled in the same two-year period from 0.9 billion cigarettes to 3.1 billion.
The second big objective of tobacco importers, meanwhile, is to target the government, with which they have been strongly displeased over the past two years because of the imposition of successive tax hikes without giving the industry time to respond with new marketing strategies.
According to one market official, “unfortunately, the government, in its panic to increase revenues, did not listen to the experts,” resulting in an “excessive” increase in tobacco taxes, which rose from 73.5 percent in 2009 to 83.7 percent at the end of last year. At one point, the tax went up to 85.7 percent, but the Finance Ministry decided to reduce this slightly after seeing that successive tax hikes were not having the desired benefits. The tax on rolling tobacco is 93.4 percent on average.
The reduction in the price of cigarettes will have a definitive effect on the proportionate tax, which will come to an average of 52 percent on the brands whose prices have been reduced. The fact that the price war means less revenues for the state has led many in the market to see the strategy as the industry taking revenge on the government for its taxation policies.
Meanwhile, sales are dropping and many companies are seeing their profits shrink, meaning that the government’s revenues will shrink as well.
In 2010, the government aimed at generating revenues of 4.3 billion euros from tobacco taxes, but ended up collecting just 3.7 billion euros, while revenues in 2011 were at similar levels to the previous year. According to industry professionals, this means that any further hikes in taxes will barely register in public revenues.
Source: www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite2_1...
Ход занятия:
1. Учащийся читает статью. Без необходимости лучше не ограничивать время прочтения. Учителю необходимо убедиться, что учащийся хорошо понимает ее смысл. Для этого можно использовать специальные вопросы или утверждения true / false.
Answer the following questions:
1. Why has the fierce war broken out in the Greek tobacco market?
2. Which tobacco brands are mentioned in the text?
3. What are the main goals of price reduction for cigarettes? Name both of them.
4. What is the threat for huge tobacco companies coming from untaxed cigarettes’ side? Can you name the approximate figures to prove the existence of the danger?
5. How does the government act in this case?
6. What effect on the proportionate tax will the reduction in the price of cigarettes have?
7. What means “revenge on the government” in the following text? Give your comments.
2. Далее переходим непосредственно к структуре анализа. Лучше это делать на примере конкретной статьи, чтобы иллюстрировать каждый из пунктов примерами из текста. В первую очередь, учитель объясняет учащемуся, что в каждом анализе обязательно должны присутствовать opening (вступление), main body (основное повествование) и conclusion (заключение, выводы). Найдите эти три части в статье. Строго говоря, учащийся уже должен знать это, но лучше остановиться еще раз. Поясните, что целью анализа является не просто пересказ статьи, но выводы о ней: насколько она правдоподобна / информативна / интересна / что хотел сказать автор.
3. В качестве визуальной опоры учитель предоставляет учащемуся таблицу следующего содержания:
Opening: title, author, source Theme (what is it about?) Main body: Problem (what is the main conflict presented in the article?) Causes and consequences. Conclusion: Idea (What did the author want to tell the reader? Why was it written?) Your own comments and thoughts.
Помимо таблицы, ученику можно представить лист с фразами для каждого пункта.
Useful phrases
Opening:
I would like to draw your attention to an article / a fragment /an extract entitled as ……… (Title)
The article is authored by ……………. (Author). The author of the article is not presented in the text.
The article is taken from………….. (Resource)
Theme:
The article under consideration / discussion tells the reader about……
The basic theme of (Title) may be defined as …………….
The author depicts ……………..
There are two more (several) by-themes in this article…….
Main body:
Problem:
The article represents the conflict (collision) between ………
The main problem can be defined (formulated, capsulized) in the following way………
In the article the writer dwells upon / raises / touches upon the problem of………….
The author focuses (his attention) on the problem ………..
Conclusion:
The author wanted to convey / express / reveal the idea that……..
The idea is revealed ………….
The idea (gist, message, the main line of thought) can be stated as follows……………
Comments:
In my opinion / to my mind / in my view……
I find the article factful / interesting / instructive / rich in content / meaningful….
I find the article insipid / empty / foolish……….
4. Далее следует непосредственно объяснение разницы между терминами «тема, проблема и идея». Во-первых, стоит подчеркнуть, что и тема, и проблема, и идея есть в каждой законченной статье. Во-вторых, подчеркнуть, что они отличаются друг от друга. Сразу за объяснением следует обязательный пример. Приблизительное объяснение с вопросами для учащегося (в скобках даны ответы конкретно для данной статьи. Вы можете упрощать объяснение в зависимости от уровня учащегося):
Structure of a text analysis
• Opening: remind that initially each article has its author, title and source. Mentioning them is a significant point in the analysis, because taking this information into account you can do the first conclusions. (Whether the article is written in a gutter press or in a professional journal).
• Each article has its main theme. As a matter of fact, it usually answers the question, what the article is about. It may also fall into several sub-themes.
What is the main theme of this article? (The article under consideration tells the reader about the situation on the tobacco market in the case of reduction prices for cigarettes.)
• In each article the author raises a certain problem. Problem always represents a conflict or several conflicts. The solution is either presented in the text or not. Mind that suggested solution is only author’s vision. Can you name the problem raised in this very article?
(The reduction of prices on tobacco market. The problem is presented in two certain conflicts:
conflict between tobacco companies competing in the price level and conflict between the tobacco companies and the government).
• Don’t forget that a problem in its turn has a cause or causes (goals) and consequences.
(Causes of reduction in prices:
1. Companies pursue an aim to hold on to their existing market share, as sharp price hikes push consumers to cheaper solutions such as rolling tobacco or electronic cigarettes.
2. The second big objective of tobacco importers is to target the government, with which they have been strongly displeased over the past two years because of the imposition of successive tax hikes without giving the industry time to respond with new marketing strategies.)
If the consequences are not mentioned in the text you can try to predict them.
• By all means, an article must have an idea. This is what the author wanted to tell the reader writing this article, the key thought of it. What the article was written for?
• Conclusion: give your comments upon the article. Say whether you agree with the idea stated in it, whether it was pithy and useful for you.
Пояснения для учителя:
- В первую очередь, учащийся называет автора статьи, ее название и источник, если он известен. Из источника уже можно сделать первые выводы о статье. Одно дело, если статьи из «желтой прессы», и совсем другое, если из делового журнала. Если автор статьи неизвестен, это тоже стоит упомянуть.
- Далее мы называем ТЕМУ статьи. ТЕМА – это общее представление о статье, о чем она. Описание ситуации, представленной в статье.
- После этого мы переходим к основному повествованию. В основе любой статьи лежит ПРОБЛЕМА. ПРОБЛЕМА – это всегда конфликт или противостояние. Это может быть спор, несогласие или, собственно, задача, которая требует решения. У каждой ПРОБЛЕМЫ есть причины и последствия. Часто последствия или причины не указаны в статье, в таком случае, в рамках анализа, необходимо сделать собственное предположение.
- Наконец, ИДЕЯ – ключевая мысль статьи, что хотел данной статьей сказать автор, зачем она написана.
5. После того, как учащийся ответил на вопросы, нужно, чтобы он привел пример целостного краткого анализа. Лучше, чтобы у него на первое время была опора. Например:
Reproduce the article including your own thoughts and comments. Use the phrases bellow:
The article under consideration tells the readers about….
In the article the author dwells upon / raises / touches upon the problem of ….
A primary cause of the problem is that…..
The consequences of the action were …………
The idea can be stated as follows: ……..
I find this article ………………..
Буду рада комментариям и предложениям.